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Far right, extreme right, hard right, ultra-right or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group or person occupies within a political spectrum. The terms far right and far left are often used to imply that someone is an extremist. The terms are used by many political commentators to discuss political groups, movements, and political parties that are difficult to classify within conventional right-wing politics.^[1]

The terms extreme right or ultra right are used by some scholars to discuss only those right-wing political groups that step outside the boundaries of traditional electoral politics. This generally includes the revolutionary right, militant racial supremacists and religious extremists, neo-fascists, neo-Nazis and Klansmen. In this usage, the terms are distinct from other forms of right-wing politics such as the less-militant sectors of the far right, right-wing populists.^[2]

The term far right has been used by different scholars in at least two somewhat conflicting ways:^[3]

1. Reform-oriented right-wing movements or rightist factions of conservative political parties. These are sometimes called the dissident right, activist right, or right-wing populism. They are positioned between traditional conservatives and the extreme right. These participants are found outside mainstream electoral politics, but they generally produce a movement of reform rather than revolution.
2. Neo-fascists and neo-Nazis are usually labeled extreme right or ultra right. Such groups are generally revolutionary in character rather than reformist. Neo-Nazi and Neo-fascist literally means "new Nazi" and "new fascist", implying that they are from the period following World War II.

These categories are not universally accepted, and other uses exist, making comparative use of the term complicated.

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Usage 3 Alleged far right organizations 3.1 Africa 3.2 Europe 3.3 North America 3.4 South America 3.5 Asia 3.6 Australia 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links

[ Etymology

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The political terms left and right arose during the French Revolution, the term far right originally referred to throne-and-altar monarchists such as Joseph de Maistre and Louis de Bonald.^{[citation needed]} The original French meaning of far right is specific to a Roman Catholic nation, and more specifically to a Gallican society in which church and state were closely tied to one another. In this context, the term can be expanded to include the kind of Caesaropapism that occasionally existed in some Eastern Orthodox kingdoms. This specific interpretation of the term far right lost favour in the decades following the Revolutions of 1848, as a return to the Ancien Régime became increasingly implausible. By the reign of Pope Pius XI, this interpretation of far right had essentially become anachronistic even in conservative Catholic circles.

[ Usage

The term far right has been used by different scholars in conflicting ways.[4] The term far right is mostly used to describe fascism, Nazism and other ultra-nationalist as well as reactionary ideologies and movements.^[5][6][7][8] The BBC has called politician Pim Fortuyn's politics (Fortuynism) far right because of his policies on immigration and Muslims.^[9] The term far right has been used by some, such as National Public Radio, to describe certain authoritarian governments that promote free market capitalism, such as that of Augusto Pinochet in Chile.^[10][11] Left-wing publication New Left Review has called Ronald Reagan's policies "radical right".^[12] The term radical right has also been used to refer to "a libertarian movement which places the individual squarely in the center" and has "even attacked such sacred taboos as taxation".^[13]

The US Department of Homeland Security defines right-wing extremism as hate groups who target racial, ethnic or religious minorities and may be dedicated to a single issue, such as opposition to abortion or immigration.^[14]

The term can however be misleading, as many so-called 'far-right' parties, though Nationalist and therefore right-wing on social policy have a traditionally left-wing stance on economic policies, many advocating a form of collectivist or socialist-like economy; e.g. the Kuomingtang (Chinese national Party), the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers' Party), the British National Party or the National Bolshevik Party.

[ Alleged far right organizations

[ Africa

• Egypt - Muslim Brotherhood
• South Africa - Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

[ Europe

• European Union
  • Euronat
  • Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty^[15][16][17]
• Austria
  • Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) – Freedom Party of Austria^[18][19][20]
• Belgium
  • Vlaams Blok
  • Vlaams Belang^[18][19]
  • Front National Belge (FNB) – Belgian National Front^[18][19]
• Bulgaria - National Union Attack^[15]
• Croatia
  • Croatian Pure Party of Rights (HČSP)^[21]
  • Croatian Liberation Movement (HOP)^[22][23][24]
• Denmark - Danish People's Party
• France – Front National (FN) – National Front^[18][19]
• Germany
  • Nazi Party
  • Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (NPD) – National Democratic Party of Germany^[18][19]
  • Die Republikaner – The Republicans (Germany)^[18][19]
  • Freiheitliche Arbeiter Partei (FAP) - Free German Workers' Party^[18][19]
  • Deutsche Heidnische Front – German Heathen's Front^[18][19]
  • Deutsche Volksunion (DVU) - German People's Union^[25][26]
  • Deutsche Liga für Volk und Heimat (DLVH) - German League for People and Homeland^[18][19]
• Greece
  • Πατριωτική Συμμαχία (Patriotiki Symmakhia, in English: Patriotic Alliance)^[27]
  • Chrysi Avyi
  • Popular Orthodox Rally(ΛΑΟΣ)^{[28][29][30][31]}
• Hungary
  • Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom (Jobbik) - Movement for a Better Hungary
  • Magyar Igazság és Élet Pártja (MIÉP) - Hungarian Justice and Life Party
• Italy - Movimento Sociale Italiano - Destra Nazionale (MSI) - Italian Social Movement-National Right.^[18][19]
• Latvia
  • National Power Union^[32]
  • For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK
• Luxembourg - Nationalbewegung^[19]
  • ADR (Alternativ Democratic Reformparty)
• Malta - Imperium Europa
• Netherlands
  • Party for Freedom
  • Centrumdemocraten – Centre Democrats (defunct)^[18][19]
  • Centrumpartij – Centre Party, later Centrumpartij’86, both defunct^[19]
• Portugal - Partido Nacional Renovador - National Renewal Party^[33]
• Poland
  • Unia Polityki Realnej - Real Politics Union
• Romania
  • Greater Romania Party^[16]
  • Noua Dreapta
• Serbia
  • Serbian Radical Party^{[34][35][36][37]}
  • Obraz
  • Nacionalni stroj
• Slovenia
  • Lipa (The Lime Tree)
  • Party of Slovenian Nation
• Spain
  • Falange^[19]
  • Democracia Nacional (National Democracy)^[19]
  • España 2000
• Sweden
  • Nationaldemokraterna - National Democrats^[38]
  • Nordiska rikspartiet - Nordic Reich Party^[18][19]
• Switzerland
  • Schweizer Demokraten (SD) ^[39]
  • Partei national orientierter Schweizer (PNOS)
  • Lega dei Ticinesi
  • Freiheits-Partei der Schweiz (FPS)
  • Eidgenössisch-Demokratische Union (EDU)
• United Kingdom
  • British Movement
  • National Front (NF)^[19]
  • British National Party (BNP)^[19][40]
  • Combat 18
  • Springbok Club

[ North America

• United States
  • America First Party
  • American Party
  • American Independent Party^[41]
  • American Patriot Party^[42]
  • Independent American Party
  • American Nazi Party
• Canada
  • National-Socialist Party of Canada
  • Nationalist Party of Canada
  • Western Block Party

[ South America

• Argentina
  • Partido Unidad Federalista
  • Union of the Democratic Centre (Argentina)^{[citation needed]}
  • Democratic Party (Mendoza)

• Brazil - Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order

[ Asia

• India
  • Shiv Sena^[43][44]
  • Maharashtra Navnirman Sena^[45][46][47]
• Israel
  • Kach and Kahane Chai^[48]
• Lebanon
  • Syrian Social Nationalist Party (or SSNP)^{[49][50][51][52][53][54][55]}
  • Guardians of the Cedars
• Malaysia
  • United Malay National Organization^[56]
  • Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party
• Pakistan - Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal^[57]
• Syria
  • Syrian Social Nationalist Party (or SSNP)^{[49][50][51][52][53][54]}
• Turkey
  • Felicity Party
  • Great Union Party
  • Nationalist Movement Party (Brown Wolves)
  • Grey Wolves
• Japan
  • Uyoku dantai
  • Ishin Seito Shimpu
  • National Socialist Japanese Workers and Welfare Party

[ Australia

• Australia First Party^[58]
• Citizens Electoral Council^[59][60]
• One Nation

[ See also

• History of the French far right
• Ideology
• Radical right-wing populism
• Ultra leftism

[ Notes